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                <text>Pereiaslav 1654: A Historiographical Study</text>
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                <text>Imperial Russia</text>
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                <text>In 1954, the three-hundredth anniversary of the Pereiaslav Treaty of 1654 between Russia and Ukraine was celebrated with unprecedented fervor throughout the Soviet Union. The event was resurrected ostensibly to justify the position of Ukrainians within the Soviet Union as a “younger brother” of the Russian people. What actually happened at Pereiaslav? Did the Ukrainians accept the tsar as their sovereign? Or was it rather a treaty among equals, soon to be broken by the Russian side? The issues have been obscured by ideology, partial reporting, and the absence of documentation.&#13;
&#13;
This volume includes a historical survey, excerpts from the Cossack chronicles, the conclusions and disputes of leading historians from the seventeenth to the present century, and a careful survey of Soviet historiography, with its changing emphases. The author’s analysis is detached and scholarly. He refuses to be drawn into political debates but instead focuses closely on the problematic issues: the documents controversy, the role of Bohdan Kmelnytsky, Buturlin’s refusal to take an oath guaranteeing traditional Cossack rights, and the status of Ukraine as decreed by the treaty.&#13;
&#13;
Pereiaslav 1654: A Historiographical Study is essential reading not only for scholars of Ukrainian and Russian history, but for all who wish to understand the historical roots of Ukraine’s relations with Russia.&#13;
&#13;
For a fundamental analysis of the Pereiaslav Treaty of 1654 see also Mykhailo Hrushevsky’s History of Ukraine-Rus’. Volume 9, book 2, part 1: The Cossack Age, 1654-1657.</text>
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                <text>John  Basarab</text>
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                <text>1982</text>
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                <text>John  Basarab</text>
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                <text>CIUS Seminar Audio Part 1 and 2. Part 1 Audio begins at 3:35. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In his presentation, "Russia and Ukraine: The Difference that Peter I Made," Dr. O. Subtelny, Associate Professor, Department of History, Hamilton College in Clinton, New York, argued that the state, as an institution, does not provide a useful framework for analyzing Ukrainian-Russian relations (or relations between Cossack Ukraine and Moscovite tsardom) prior to the period of Peter I for two reasons:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(1) the two basic pillars of the early modern state - a standing army and a full-fledged bureaucracy - were non-existent in the Hetmanate, and only began to evolve in seventeenth century Muscovy; and (2) the basic functions of the absolutist state - coordination, coercion, and extraction of wealth - were inoperative in the tsars' relations with the Hetmanate.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If the institutions of the state did not bind the two lands together, what did? The only other means by which two very different lands could be linked in early modern Europe was some form of vassalage. The Treaty of Pereiaslav established a modified form of vassal relationship between the Zaporozhian Host and the Muscovite tsar. The point of these modifications was that they allowed the tsar to preserve the forms of Muscovite autocracy (his refusal to swear an oath to his new subjects), while it gave the Ukrainians the terms which all vassals could expect of their new sovereign (non-interference in internal affairs, etc.).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The significance of Peter I's innovations was that they abolished an essentially personal relationship between the Ukrainians and the tsar and created the institutions which could encompass both Ukrainians and Russians in one common state. It was no longer a common monarchy but a common state which linked Ukrainians and Russians: all the innovations which Peter I introduced in Ukraine fit neatly into the basic functions of statehood. Only after Peter I's changes were implemented did the tsar have the capacity to pursue coordinative, coercive, and extractive policies in Ukraine.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:13px;color:#000000;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none;font-family:Arial;font-style:normal;"&gt;Found in &lt;a href="http://cius-archives.ca/items/show/1571"&gt;CIUS Newsletter Vol 3 Issue 1 (Winter 1978)&lt;/a&gt; &lt;/span&gt;</text>
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