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                <text>In the shadow of the Rockies : diary of the Castle Mountain internment camps, 1915-1917 </text>
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                <text>It is still a little-known fact that during the First World War and in the immediate postwar period (1914–1920), Canadian Internment Operations imprisoned more than 8,000 individuals. The majority of those interned were civilian non-combatants, Ukrainians and other immigrants who had come to Canada from the Austro-Hungarian Empire to work in industry or to settle on western homesteads. Twenty-four receiving stations and internment camps were established across Canada.&#13;
&#13;
A camp at Banff/Castle Mountain operated between 1915 and 1917. More than 600 internees were put to work on various projects in Rocky Mountain Park (now Banff National Park), which was being developed at that time as Canada’s first national park. The diary of the Banff/Castle Mountain camp provides detailed insight into the practice of Canada’s internment policy during the First World War and reveals a unique episode in the human history of Canada’s national park system. Historical landmarks in Banff National Park such as the Bankhead Mine, the Tunnel Mountain Road and Trans-Canada Highway, the Spray River Bridge, and the Banff Springs golf course were constructed, rebuilt, or extended by “Austro-Hungarian” civilian non-combatants interned at Banff/Castle Mountain.</text>
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                <text>Bohdan Kordan,  Peter Melnycky</text>
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                <text>Hryhoriy Kostiuk</text>
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                <text>Ukrainian </text>
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        <name>1937 Diplomatic Memorandum</name>
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                <text>The book The Emergence of Ukraine: Self-Determination, Occupation, and War in Ukraine, 1917–1922, is a collection of articles by several prominent historians from Austria, Germany, Poland, Ukraine, and Russia who undertook a detailed study of the formation of the independent Ukrainian state in 1918 and, in particular, of the occupation of Ukraine by the Central Powers in the final year of the First World War. A slightly condensed version of the German-language Die Ukraine zwischen Selbstbestimmung und Fremdherrschaft 1917–1922 (Graz, 2011), this book provides, on the one hand, a systematic outline of events in Ukraine during one of the most complex periods of twentieth-century European history, when the Austro-Hungarian and Russian empires collapsed at the end of the Great War and new independent nation-states emerged in Central and Eastern Europe. On the other hand, several chapters of this book provide detailed studies of specific aspects of the occupation of Ukraine by German and Austro-Hungarian troops following the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed on 9 February 1918 between the Central Powers and the Ukrainian People’s Republic. For the first time, these chapters offer English-speaking readers a wealth of hitherto unknown historical information based on thorough research and evaluation of documents from military archives in Vienna, Freiburg, Berlin, Munich, and Stuttgart.&#13;
&#13;
The first section of the book deals with military aspects of the German and Austro-Hungarian conquest of Ukraine in 1918, the suppression of uprisings, occupation, and retreat; it also discusses the administration of occupied territory, the economic utilization of the country, the occupying powers’ relations with the Ukrainian government, and the internal Ukrainian perspective on the occupation. The second section details developments in Ukraine between 1917 and 1922. The third section deals with the Central Powers’ policies toward Eastern Europe in general and Ukraine in particular, while the fourth and final section is an analysis of the international context of Ukraine’s efforts to establish a state during this period. This book is an essential resource for anyone interested in the history of the First World War and the modern history of Central and Eastern Europe.</text>
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